See per- on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "per"
},
"expansion": "Latin per",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin per and per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"through\", as in perforate."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:through",
"links": [
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"perforate",
"perforate"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"through\", as in perforate."
],
"senseid": [
"en:through"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "through",
"word": "trans-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "through",
"word": "para-"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "through",
"word": "dia-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"thoroughly\", as in perfect."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:wholly",
"links": [
[
"thoroughly",
"thoroughly"
],
[
"perfect",
"perfect"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"thoroughly\", as in perfect."
],
"senseid": [
"en:wholly"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100 0 0 0 0",
"sense": "thoroughly",
"word": "para-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"to destruction\", as in pervert."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:destruction",
"links": [
[
"destruction",
"destruction"
],
[
"pervert",
"pervert"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"to destruction\", as in pervert."
],
"senseid": [
"en:destruction"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 12 7 10 1 1 2 6 1 4 10 7 1 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense \"extremely\", as in perfervid."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:intensifying",
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"perfervid",
"perfervid"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense \"extremely\", as in perfervid."
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0",
"sense": "extremely",
"word": "pellucid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0",
"sense": "extremely",
"word": "perfervid"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:intensifying"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximum proportion of one element in a compound, as in peroxide."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:maximum",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proportion",
"proportion"
],
[
"element",
"element"
],
[
"compound",
"compound"
],
[
"peroxide",
"peroxide"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximum proportion of one element in a compound, as in peroxide."
],
"senseid": [
"en:maximum"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 12 7 10 1 1 2 6 1 4 10 7 1 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four)."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:four",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four)."
],
"senseid": [
"en:four"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-per-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old French per",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French per (modern French par).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 14 13 12 16 15 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denoting the sense \"by\" or \"per\", as in perchance or perhaps."
],
"id": "en-per--en-prefix-en:by",
"links": [
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"per",
"per"
],
[
"perchance",
"perchance"
],
[
"perhaps",
"perhaps"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Denoting the sense \"by\" or \"per\", as in perchance or perhaps."
],
"senseid": [
"en:by"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-per-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Asturian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very beautiful",
"text": "perguapu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very white",
"text": "perblancu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very well",
"text": "perbién",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very far",
"text": "perlloñe",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to make superlatives of adjectives and adverbs"
],
"id": "en-per--ast-prefix-lX8NUL0O",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ísimu"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Back-formation from per",
"name": "back-formation"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Back-formation from per.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per"
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto back-formations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + labori (“to work”) → perlabori (“to earn”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + ludi (“to play”) → perludi (“to win”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + flati (“to flatter”) → perflati (“to coax”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes that the action expressed by the root becomes a means to attain a goal"
],
"id": "en-per--eo-prefix-fN6nfQ17",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/per/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-er"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"id": "en-per--fr-prefix-k~eDTmAR",
"links": [
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛʁ/"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "la",
"3": "per",
"4": "",
"5": "through"
},
"expansion": "Latin per (“through”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per (“through”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per"
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "hu",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "hu:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"id": "en-per--hu-prefix-k~eDTmAR",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) per-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛr"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "per- -an"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "per- -kan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "per-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Malay per-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Malay per-",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "pag-"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog pag-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "*p-, *pC-",
"t": "causative prefix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Malay per-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Tagalog pag-.\n* comparable to Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pêr",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "memper-",
"tags": [
"active"
]
},
{
"form": "diper-",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "non-active/imperative/basic",
"4": "per-",
"5": "active",
"6": "memper-",
"7": "passive",
"8": "diper-",
"head": "pêr"
},
"expansion": "pêr (non-active/imperative/basic per-, active memper-, passive diper-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pêr"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + buat (“to do [something]”) → perbuat (“do [something]”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of a transitive verb"
],
"id": "en-per--id-prefix-nG5tH6BR",
"links": [
[
"causative",
"causative#English"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"transitive",
"transitive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + besar (“big”) → perbesar (“make bigger something big”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of an adjective"
],
"id": "en-per--id-prefix-XVqH7iYu",
"links": [
[
"causative",
"causative#English"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + istri (“wife”) → peristri (“take as wife, marry”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative mood transitive verb of a noun: treat the object as [base], take the object as"
],
"id": "en-per--id-prefix-aWx75b4Y",
"links": [
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"transitive",
"transitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"imperative mood transitive verb of a noun: treat the object as [base], take the object as [base]"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 19 20 31 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + ajar (“to teach”) → pelajar (“learner”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + kerja (“to work”) → pekerja (“worker”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominal patient used to form nouns from verbs conjugated with ber-"
],
"id": "en-per--id-prefix-tsoeEPQs",
"links": [
[
"ber-",
"ber-#Indonesian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + dua (“two”) → perdua",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denominator of a fraction"
],
"id": "en-per--id-prefix-tAtS0T8v",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pər-/"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "inh",
"3": "itc-pro>*peri->?",
"id": "through"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*peri-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *peri-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *peri-. Related to per (“through”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ior"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-issimus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "magnus (“great, large”) → permagnus (“very great, very large”)"
},
{
"text": "multī (“many”) → permultī (“very many”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to make adjectives or verbs that are \"very\" something."
],
"id": "en-per--la-prefix-xjmJCez1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 12 7 10 1 1 2 6 1 4 10 7 1 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 86",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form verbs that are intensive or completive, conveying the idea of doing something all the way through or entirely."
],
"id": "en-per--la-prefix-FnmWpLu6",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Indonesian: per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Indonesian: per-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "pag-"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog pag-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "*p-, *pC-",
"t": "causative prefix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Tagalog pag-.\n* comparable to Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤر-",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "memper-",
"tags": [
"active",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "diper-",
"tags": [
"passive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤر-",
"5": "formal active",
"6": "memper-",
"7": "3rd person passive",
"8": "diper-"
},
"expansion": "per- (Jawi spelling ڤر-, formal active memper-, 3rd person passive diper-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + alat (“tool”) → peralat (“to use as a tool”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Gives a meaning of using something or someone as the base word."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-QKOd0goO",
"raw_glosses": [
"(with nouns) Gives a meaning of using something or someone as the base word."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + suami (“husband”) → persuami (“to take someone as one's husband”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Combines with suami or isteri to give a meaning of making someone become the base word."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-VClrYJ0G",
"links": [
[
"suami",
"suami#Malay"
],
[
"isteri",
"isteri#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + besar (“big”) → perbesar (“to make something bigger”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Gives a meaning of making something become more of the base word."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-W23jk5-C",
"raw_glosses": [
"(with adjectives) Gives a meaning of making something become more of the base word."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + oleh (“big”) → peroleh (“to acquire”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Combines with the function word oleh to take a meaning of \"to get\" or \"to acquire\"."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-i1W-1XzN",
"links": [
[
"oleh",
"oleh#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 7 7 12 7 10 1 1 2 6 1 4 10 7 1 1 1 13 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 8 7 7 11 7 1 1 2 5 1 3 11 1 1 1 1 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 7 7 7 10 7 1 1 1 5 1 2 11 1 1 1 1 17 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 4 4 82 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + buru (berburu) (“to hunt”) → perburu (“hunter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the agent noun of some verbs that that take the ber- prefix."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-Il9hTINw",
"links": [
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"ber-",
"ber-#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pə.r-]",
"note": "with vowel-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pə(r)-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pər-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Indonesian: per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Indonesian: per-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*paR-",
"t": "divide into x (x = numeral)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *paR- (“divide into x (x = numeral)”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Austronesian *paR- (“divide into x (x = numeral)”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤر-",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "per",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤر-",
"5": "alternative form",
"6": "per"
},
"expansion": "per- (Jawi spelling ڤر-, alternative form per)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + tiga (“three”) → pertiga (“divided by three”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
4,
20
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
12
]
],
"english": "one divided by three",
"text": "satu pertiga",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Divided by."
],
"id": "en-per--ms-prefix-rxBr7-oM",
"links": [
[
"Divided",
"divide"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pə.r-]",
"note": "with vowel-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pə(r)-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pər-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 9 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"id": "en-per--es-prefix-k~eDTmAR",
"links": [
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér (“through”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per, per-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*péri</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or from *péri)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *per és"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*parás",
"t": "beyond, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*parás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परस्",
"tr": "parás"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*paráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae"
},
"expansion": "Avestan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇"
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "on the other side (of)",
"ts": "para"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with locative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-i</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with locative suffix *-i)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to pass through"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*párah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *párah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *párah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"pos": "first part of compounds",
"t": "higher, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priismos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ri",
"pos": "prep., triggers eclipsis",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with variants <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">re</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">ré</i> from umlaut before o or a"
},
"expansion": "(with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with allative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-o</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with allative suffix *-o)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-sth₂-o/i-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pírštan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fyrst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fyrst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fyrst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: first",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: first"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "virst"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: virst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: virst"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "First"
},
"expansion": "German: First",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: First"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥štʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "postis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: postis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from *po-sth₂-i-"
},
"expansion": "(or from *po-sth₂-i-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-",
"3": "հեռի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:before",
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers",
"parents": [
"Ordinal numbers",
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-p5N7ZLjK",
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁",
"der": "1",
"pos": "1sg.aor.subj.",
"ts": "frafraʼā"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "thematized; + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*fra-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(thematized; + *fra-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *(s)per- (“to fly”))",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌",
"der": "1",
"pos": "3pl.",
"t": "to lead to"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+ <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ni-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(+ *ni-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti "
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα",
"t": "trial, experiment"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 0 50 16 16 0 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 0 59 17 12 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "19 0 70 6 5 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 0 82 6 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 0 82 6 3 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European roots",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:go_forth",
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-LVic7ohY",
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-KZ0zmd5y",
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եհար",
"pos": "3sg.aor. of <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pertei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pèrt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pèrt",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. peŗu"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. peŗu)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per̃ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per̃ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. periù"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. periù)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. *perǫ"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. *perǫ)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ուռն",
"t": "hammer",
"unc": "on"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*par-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥t-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"2": "पृत्",
"tr": "pṛ́t"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*part-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "reanalyzed root"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to beat"
],
"id": "en-per--ine-pro-root-ine_pro:beat",
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:beat"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "пера-"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: пера- (pjera-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: пера- (pjera-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "пре-",
"3": "прѣ-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ⱂⱃⰵ-",
"3": "ⱂⱃⱑ-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰵ- (pre-), ⱂⱃⱑ- (prě-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰵ- (pre-), ⱂⱃⱑ- (prě-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "пре-"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: пре- (pre-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: пре- (pre-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "пре-"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: пре- (pre-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: пре- (pre-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "пре-",
"3": "прије-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: пре-, прије-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: пре-, прије-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "pre-",
"3": "prije-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: pre-, prije-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: pre-, prije-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "pre-"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: pre-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: pre-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "pře-"
},
"expansion": "Czech: pře-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: pře-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "prze-",
"qq": "partially from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sla-pro\">*pro-</i>"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: prze- (partially from *pro-)\nPolish: prze-\nSilesian: prze-",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: prze- (partially from *pro-)\nPolish: prze-\nSilesian: prze-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "pre-"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: pre-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: pre-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "pśe-"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: pśe-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: pśe-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "pře-"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: pře-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: pře-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "prze-"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: prze-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: prze-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "przê-"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: przê-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: przê-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Non-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "prea-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: prea-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: prea-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*per->before",
"id": "over-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *per",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/per-",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "per"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"over-"
],
"id": "en-per--sla-pro-prefix-zlE3bgEg",
"links": [
[
"over-",
"over-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"re-"
],
"id": "en-per--sla-pro-prefix-3fQno6NV",
"links": [
[
"re-",
"re-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ísimu"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Asturian entries with incorrect language header",
"Asturian lemmas",
"Asturian prefixes",
"Asturian terms derived from Latin",
"Asturian terms with usage examples",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very beautiful",
"text": "perguapu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very white",
"text": "perblancu",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very well",
"text": "perbién",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"english": "very far",
"text": "perlloñe",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to make superlatives of adjectives and adverbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English unproductive prefixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "per"
},
"expansion": "Latin per",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Latin per and per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"sense": "extremely",
"word": "pellucid"
},
{
"sense": "extremely",
"word": "perfervid"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"through\", as in perforate."
],
"links": [
[
"through",
"through"
],
[
"perforate",
"perforate"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"through\", as in perforate."
],
"senseid": [
"en:through"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"thoroughly\", as in perfect."
],
"links": [
[
"thoroughly",
"thoroughly"
],
[
"perfect",
"perfect"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"thoroughly\", as in perfect."
],
"senseid": [
"en:wholly"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In verbs: denoting the sense \"to destruction\", as in pervert."
],
"links": [
[
"destruction",
"destruction"
],
[
"pervert",
"pervert"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense \"to destruction\", as in pervert."
],
"senseid": [
"en:destruction"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense \"extremely\", as in perfervid."
],
"links": [
[
"extremely",
"extremely"
],
[
"perfervid",
"perfervid"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense \"extremely\", as in perfervid."
],
"senseid": [
"en:intensifying"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"glosses": [
"Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximum proportion of one element in a compound, as in peroxide."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"proportion",
"proportion"
],
[
"element",
"element"
],
[
"compound",
"compound"
],
[
"peroxide",
"peroxide"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximum proportion of one element in a compound, as in peroxide."
],
"senseid": [
"en:maximum"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"glosses": [
"Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four)."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four)."
],
"senseid": [
"en:four"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-per-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "through",
"word": "trans-"
},
{
"sense": "through",
"word": "para-"
},
{
"sense": "through",
"word": "dia-"
},
{
"sense": "thoroughly",
"word": "para-"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English prefixes",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English unproductive prefixes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old French per",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Old French per (modern French par).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "prefix",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "en-prefix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Denoting the sense \"by\" or \"per\", as in perchance or perhaps."
],
"links": [
[
"by",
"by"
],
[
"per",
"per"
],
[
"perchance",
"perchance"
],
[
"perhaps",
"perhaps"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Denoting the sense \"by\" or \"per\", as in perchance or perhaps."
],
"senseid": [
"en:by"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-per-.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-per-.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Back-formation from per",
"name": "back-formation"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Back-formation from per.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per"
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Esperanto 1-syllable words",
"Esperanto back-formations",
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto prefixes",
"Esperanto terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Esperanto/er"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + labori (“to work”) → perlabori (“to earn”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + ludi (“to play”) → perludi (“to win”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + flati (“to flatter”) → perflati (“to coax”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes that the action expressed by the root becomes a means to attain a goal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/per/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-er"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French prefixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"links": [
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pɛʁ/"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "la",
"3": "per",
"4": "",
"5": "through"
},
"expansion": "Latin per (“through”)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin per (“through”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per"
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian prefixes",
"Hungarian terms borrowed from Latin",
"Hungarian terms derived from Latin",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛr",
"hu:Chemistry"
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) per-"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛr]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛr"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian prefixes",
"Indonesian terms derived from Malay",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Malay",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "per- -an"
},
{
"word": "per- -kan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "per-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Malay per-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Malay per-",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "pag-"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog pag-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "*p-, *pC-",
"t": "causative prefix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Malay per-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Tagalog pag-.\n* comparable to Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pêr",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "memper-",
"tags": [
"active"
]
},
{
"form": "diper-",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "non-active/imperative/basic",
"4": "per-",
"5": "active",
"6": "memper-",
"7": "passive",
"8": "diper-",
"head": "pêr"
},
"expansion": "pêr (non-active/imperative/basic per-, active memper-, passive diper-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pêr"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + buat (“to do [something]”) → perbuat (“do [something]”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of a transitive verb"
],
"links": [
[
"causative",
"causative#English"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"transitive",
"transitive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + besar (“big”) → perbesar (“make bigger something big”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of an adjective"
],
"links": [
[
"causative",
"causative#English"
],
[
"voice",
"voice#English"
],
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"intransitive",
"intransitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + istri (“wife”) → peristri (“take as wife, marry”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"imperative mood transitive verb of a noun: treat the object as [base], take the object as"
],
"links": [
[
"imperative",
"imperative#English"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#English"
],
[
"transitive",
"transitive#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"imperative mood transitive verb of a noun: treat the object as [base], take the object as [base]"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + ajar (“to teach”) → pelajar (“learner”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "per- + kerja (“to work”) → pekerja (“worker”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominal patient used to form nouns from verbs conjugated with ber-"
],
"links": [
[
"ber-",
"ber-#Indonesian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + dua (“two”) → perdua",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denominator of a fraction"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pər-/"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin prefixes",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "inh",
"3": "itc-pro>*peri->?",
"id": "through"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*peri-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *peri-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *peri-. Related to per (“through”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ior"
},
{
"word": "-issimus"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "magnus (“great, large”) → permagnus (“very great, very large”)"
},
{
"text": "multī (“many”) → permultī (“very many”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to make adjectives or verbs that are \"very\" something."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form verbs that are intensive or completive, conveying the idea of doing something all the way through or entirely."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"Malay lemmas",
"Malay prefixes",
"Malay terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Malay terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Malay terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian",
"Malay terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Indonesian: per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Indonesian: per-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "poz-pro",
"3": "*paʀ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "pag-"
},
"expansion": "Tagalog pag-",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "aav-pro",
"2": "*p-, *pC-",
"t": "causative prefix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Tagalog pag-.\n* comparable to Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤر-",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "memper-",
"tags": [
"active",
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "diper-",
"tags": [
"passive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤر-",
"5": "formal active",
"6": "memper-",
"7": "3rd person passive",
"8": "diper-"
},
"expansion": "per- (Jawi spelling ڤر-, formal active memper-, 3rd person passive diper-)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + alat (“tool”) → peralat (“to use as a tool”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Gives a meaning of using something or someone as the base word."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with nouns) Gives a meaning of using something or someone as the base word."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + suami (“husband”) → persuami (“to take someone as one's husband”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Combines with suami or isteri to give a meaning of making someone become the base word."
],
"links": [
[
"suami",
"suami#Malay"
],
[
"isteri",
"isteri#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + besar (“big”) → perbesar (“to make something bigger”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Gives a meaning of making something become more of the base word."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(with adjectives) Gives a meaning of making something become more of the base word."
],
"raw_tags": [
"with adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + oleh (“big”) → peroleh (“to acquire”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Combines with the function word oleh to take a meaning of \"to get\" or \"to acquire\"."
],
"links": [
[
"oleh",
"oleh#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Malay links with redundant alt parameters",
"Malay links with redundant wikilinks"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + buru (berburu) (“to hunt”) → perburu (“hunter”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the agent noun of some verbs that that take the ber- prefix."
],
"links": [
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
],
[
"ber-",
"ber-#Malay"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pə.r-]",
"note": "with vowel-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pə(r)-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pər-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Malay entries with incorrect language header",
"Malay lemmas",
"Malay prefixes",
"Malay terms derived from Proto-Austronesian",
"Malay terms inherited from Proto-Austronesian",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Indonesian: per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Indonesian: per-"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "map-pro",
"3": "*paR-",
"t": "divide into x (x = numeral)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Austronesian *paR- (“divide into x (x = numeral)”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Austronesian *paR- (“divide into x (x = numeral)”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ڤر-",
"tags": [
"Jawi"
]
},
{
"form": "per",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "prefix",
"3": "Jawi spelling",
"4": "ڤر-",
"5": "alternative form",
"6": "per"
},
"expansion": "per- (Jawi spelling ڤر-, alternative form per)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"per-"
],
"lang": "Malay",
"lang_code": "ms",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Malay terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "per- + tiga (“three”) → pertiga (“divided by three”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_english_offsets": [
[
4,
20
]
],
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
12
]
],
"english": "one divided by three",
"text": "satu pertiga",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Divided by."
],
"links": [
[
"Divided",
"divide"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[pə.r-]",
"note": "with vowel-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pə(r)-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
},
{
"ipa": "[pər-]",
"note": "with consonant-initial stem"
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér (“through”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*per",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *per, *per-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per, per-, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "par"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: par",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: par, par-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "prg",
"2": "per"
},
"expansion": "Old Prussian: per",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Prussian: per"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *per",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *per, *per- (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "per",
"3": "per-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: per, per-",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*péri</i>"
},
"expansion": "(or from *péri)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: per, per- (or from *péri) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "⇒ *per és"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*parás",
"t": "beyond, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *parás (“beyond, on the other side”)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*parás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *parás"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "परस्",
"tr": "parás"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: परस् (parás)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*paráh"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *paráh"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae"
},
"expansion": "Avestan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan:"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇"
},
"expansion": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬇 (parə̄)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬋 (parō)"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "peo",
"t": "on the other side (of)",
"ts": "para"
},
"expansion": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Persian: [Term?] (/para/, “on the other side (of)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with locative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-i</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with locative suffix *-i)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pér-i (“around”) (with locative suffix *-i)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-nóy or *pér-ero-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*ferrai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *ferrai (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-o-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-ana-pro",
"2": "",
"alt": "*péro-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Anatolian: *péro-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭",
"tr": "pēran"
},
"expansion": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Hittite: 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), 𒁉𒊏𒀭 (peran)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρᾱ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πέρᾱ (pérā), πέρᾱν (pérān) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "περάω",
"der": "1",
"t": "to pass through"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: περάω (peráō, “to pass through”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*páras"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *páras"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पर",
"tr": "pára"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पर (pára)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पर (pára) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*párah"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *párah",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *párah"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae",
"2": "𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀",
"pos": "first part of compounds",
"t": "higher, on the other side"
},
"expansion": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Avestan: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (para, “higher, on the other side”, first part of compounds)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "فرفر",
"t": "in hurry",
"tr": "farfar"
},
"expansion": "Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "archaic"
},
"expansion": "(archaic)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "? Persian: فرفر (farfar, “in hurry”) (archaic)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perperus",
"alt": "(per)perus",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Latin: (per)perus, (per)peram"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πέρπερος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: πέρπερος (pérperos)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-uti (“last year”) (with *wet- (“year”))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-so-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρσω (pórsō), πόρρω (pórrhō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "porrō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: porrō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: porrō"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*por-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *por-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "por-"
},
"expansion": "Latin: por-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: por-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-eh₂-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-és"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρέσβυς",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πρέσβυς (présbus)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-é-ti, *pr-ó-ti (“towards, against”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-éy (dative)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-ey-wo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīvus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīvus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīvus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸrīs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸrīs"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-gau",
"2": "ris"
},
"expansion": "Gaulish: ris",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Gaulish: ris"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ré"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ré",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ré"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "roimh"
},
"expansion": "Irish: roimh",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Irish: roimh"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gd",
"2": "ro"
},
"expansion": "Scottish Gaelic: ro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scottish Gaelic: ro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-ḱo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīscus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīscus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīscus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-m̥mos"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priismos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priismos, *prīsmos (with vowel coalescence)\nLatin: prīmus (see there for further descendants)\nPaelignian: Prismu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-is-tn̥-o- (with *ten-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "prīstinus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: prīstinus",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: prīstinus (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-m"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "ri",
"pos": "prep., triggers eclipsis",
"t": "before"
},
"expansion": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "with variants <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">re</i>, <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sga\">ré</i> from umlaut before o or a"
},
"expansion": "(with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Old Irish: ri (“before”, prep., triggers eclipsis) (with variants re, ré from umlaut before o or a)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρίν",
"alts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρίν (prín), πρείν (preín) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-i-yōs"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*priōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *priōs\nLatin: prior (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "with allative suffix <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*-o</i>"
},
"expansion": "(with allative suffix *-o)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "*pr-ó (with allative suffix *-o)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥H-e/o-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*pər-parə-a"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *pər-parə-a"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "përpara"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: përpara",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: përpara"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "para"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: para",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: para"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥s- ~ *pors-V́-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "առ"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: առ (aṙ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-sth₂-o/i-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pírštan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pírštan (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "fyrst"
},
"expansion": "Old English: fyrst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: fyrst"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: first",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: first"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "virst"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: virst",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: virst"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "First"
},
"expansion": "German: First",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: First"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥štʰás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥štʰás (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "postis"
},
"expansion": "Latin: postis",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from *po-sth₂-i-"
},
"expansion": "(or from *po-sth₂-i-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latin: postis (or from *po-sth₂-i-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pŕ̥-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþą"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþą (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr̥-tero-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*furþeraz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *furþeraz"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*furþar"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-West Germanic: *furþar (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pr-u-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρυμνός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρυμνός (prumnós)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "հեռ-",
"3": "հեռի"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: հեռ- (heṙ-), հեռի (heṙi)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro",
"2": "*pre"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian: *pre"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"before, in front"
],
"links": [
[
"before",
"before"
],
[
"front",
"front"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:before"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European ordinal numbers"
],
"glosses": [
"first"
],
"links": [
[
"first",
"first"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Brill Publishers",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme",
"Vladimir Orel"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-old",
"2": "𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁",
"der": "1",
"pos": "1sg.aor.subj.",
"ts": "frafraʼā"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "thematized; + <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*fra-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(thematized; + *fra-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Old Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬟𐬭𐬁 (frafrā /frafraʼā/, 1sg.aor.subj.) (thematized; + *fra-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-ye-ti (ye-present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*péřřō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *péřřō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πείρω",
"t": "to pierce"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πείρω (peírō, “to pierce”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-éye-ti (causative)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"unc": "1"
},
"expansion": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pariti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "or from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ine-pro\">*(s)per-</i> (“to fly”)"
},
"expansion": "(or from *(s)per- (“to fly”))",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pariti (or from *(s)per- (“to fly”)) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farjaną",
"t": "to carry, to ferry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farjaną (“to carry, to ferry”), *farjǭ (“ferry”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōrijaną",
"t": "to lead"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōrijaną (“to lead”) (formed from primary *faraną) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पारयति",
"t": "to make cross",
"tr": "pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पारयति (pāráyati, “to make cross”)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro",
"2": "*pāráyati"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian: *pāráyati"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌",
"der": "1",
"pos": "3pl.",
"t": "to lead to"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "+ <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"ira-pro\">*ni-</i>"
},
"expansion": "(+ *ni-)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Younger Avestan: 𐬥𐬌𐬞𐬁𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (nipāraiieⁱṇti, “to lead to”, 3pl.) (+ *ni-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti (o-grade root present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*faraną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *faraną (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pí-por-ti (o-grade reduplicated present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*píparti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *píparti"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पिपर्ति",
"t": "to bring across",
"tr": "píparti"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पिपर्ति (píparti, “to bring across”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "?"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "",
"name": "?"
}
],
"text": "*pr̥-h₂-k-yé-ti "
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*prā́ťťō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *prā́ťťō"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πρᾱ́σσω"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πρᾱ́σσω (prā́ssō)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro",
"2": "*peřřa"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic: *peřřa"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πεῖρα",
"t": "trial, experiment"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πεῖρα (peîra, “trial, experiment”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-ye-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "comperiō",
"alt": "(com)periō"
},
"expansion": "Latin: (com)periō",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: (com)periō, (ex)perior, (op)perior"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-to-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "perītus"
},
"expansion": "Latin: perītus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: perītus"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*per-ih₂-tlom"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*perītlom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *perītlom\nLatin: perīculum (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-tu-s (“crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-wr̥ ~ *pr̥-wén-s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-dʰmo-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορθμός"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πορθμός (porthmós)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pōr-i-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fōriz",
"t": "passable"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fōriz (“passable”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pór-mo-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*parmas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *parmas"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pormъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pormъ (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*farmaz",
"t": "load, fare"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *farmaz (“load, fare”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-os"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*ɸoros"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Celtic: *ɸoros (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grk-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Hellenic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πόρος"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: πόρος (póros)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορεύω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορεύω (poreúō)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "πορίζω",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Ancient Greek: πορίζω (porízō)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro",
"2": "*pārás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan: *pārás"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पार",
"t": "crossing",
"tr": "pārá"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sanskrit: पार (pārá, “crossing”)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-toc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Tocharian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Tocharian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "txb",
"2": "pere"
},
"expansion": "Tocharian B: pere",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tocharian B: pere"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-teh₂"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *portā\nLatin: porta (see there for further descendants)\nOscan: 𐌐𐌞𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌌 (púrtam, “gate, door”, acc.sg.)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*portāō",
"der": "1"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Italic: *portāō\nLatin: portō (see there for further descendants)\nUmbrian: 𐌐𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌖 (purtatu), portatu, portaia, portust"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*por-ti-s"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fardiz",
"t": "journey"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fardiz (“journey”) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *p(e)rē-(n-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prura",
"t": "bring (along), lead (up/forward)"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prura (“bring (along), lead (up/forward)”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sqj-pro",
"2": "*priś"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Albanian: *priś",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Albanian: *priś"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "prish"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: prish",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: prish"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "paramà",
"g": "f",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "support, help"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: paramà f (“support, help”, noun)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*fērō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Germanic: *fērō, *fērą (“danger”) (see there for further descendants)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to go through"
],
"links": [
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"through",
"through"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:go forth"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to carry forth, fare"
],
"links": [
[
"carry",
"carry"
],
[
"forth",
"forth"
],
[
"fare",
"fare"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to try, dare, risk"
],
"links": [
[
"try",
"try"
],
[
"dare",
"dare"
],
[
"risk",
"risk"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Indo-European CeR-shaped roots",
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European homonymic roots",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European roots"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-t ~ *pr-ént (athematic root aorist)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "եհար",
"pos": "3sg.aor. of <i class=\"Armn mention\" lang=\"xcl\">հարկանեմ</i> (harkanem)"
},
"expansion": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Armenian: եհար (ehar, 3sg.aor. of հարկանեմ (harkanem))"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "*pér-e-ti (thematic present)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-bsl-pro",
"2": "*pertei"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Balto-Slavic: *pertei"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pèrt"
},
"expansion": "Latvian: pèrt",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. peŗu"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. peŗu)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Latvian: pèrt (1sg. peŗu)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "per̃ti"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian: per̃ti",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. periù"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. periù)",
"name": "q"
}
],
"text": "Lithuanian: per̃ti (1sg. periù)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "*pьrati",
"t": "to beat"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”)",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1sg. *perǫ"
},
"expansion": "(1sg. *perǫ)",
"name": "q"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "(see there for further descendants)",
"name": "see desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Slavic: *pьrati (“to beat”) (1sg. *perǫ) (see there for further descendants)"
},
{
"depth": 0,
"templates": [],
"text": "Unsorted formations"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hyx-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Armenian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Armenian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xcl",
"2": "ուռն",
"t": "hammer",
"unc": "on"
},
"expansion": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": ">? Old Armenian: ուռն (uṙn, “hammer”)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*par-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Iranian: *par-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*pr̥t-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *pr̥t- (root noun, with regular *-t- enlargement)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "inc-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Indo-Aryan:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sa-ved",
"2": "पृत्",
"tr": "pṛ́t"
},
"expansion": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Vedic Sanskrit: पृत् (pṛ́t)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ira-pro"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Iranian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Iranian:"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ae-yng",
"2": "𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙"
},
"expansion": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Younger Avestan: 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙 (pər^ət)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "iir-pro",
"2": "*part-",
"der": "1",
"pos": "reanalyzed root"
},
"expansion": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "⇒ Proto-Indo-Iranian: *part- (reanalyzed root)"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-",
"pos": "root",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to beat"
],
"links": [
[
"beat",
"beat"
]
],
"senseid": [
"ine-pro:beat"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Helmut Rix",
"Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben"
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Slavic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Slavic lemmas",
"Proto-Slavic prefixes",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Proto-Slavic terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Proto-Slavic terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "East Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "orv",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old East Slavic: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old East Slavic: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ort",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old Ruthenian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Ruthenian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "be",
"2": "пера-"
},
"expansion": "Belarusian: пера- (pjera-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Belarusian: пера- (pjera-)"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "uk",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Ukrainian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ukrainian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Russian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Russian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zle-ono",
"2": "пере-"
},
"expansion": "Old Novgorodian: пере- (pere-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Novgorodian: пере- (pere-)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Church Slavonic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "пре-",
"3": "прѣ-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Old Cyrillic script: пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Cyrillic script: пре- (pre-), прѣ- (prě-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ⱂⱃⰵ-",
"3": "ⱂⱃⱑ-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰵ- (pre-), ⱂⱃⱑ- (prě-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Glagolitic script: ⱂⱃⰵ- (pre-), ⱂⱃⱑ- (prě-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bg",
"2": "пре-"
},
"expansion": "Bulgarian: пре- (pre-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Bulgarian: пре- (pre-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mk",
"2": "пре-"
},
"expansion": "Macedonian: пре- (pre-)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Macedonian: пре- (pre-)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Serbo-Croatian:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Serbo-Croatian:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "пре-",
"3": "прије-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Cyrillic script: пре-, прије-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Cyrillic script: пре-, прије-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "pre-",
"3": "prije-",
"sclb": "1"
},
"expansion": "Latin script: pre-, prije-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin script: pre-, prije-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "pre-"
},
"expansion": "Slovene: pre-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovene: pre-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "West Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "pře-"
},
"expansion": "Czech: pře-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Czech: pře-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-opl",
"2": "prze-",
"qq": "partially from <i class=\"Latn mention\" lang=\"sla-pro\">*pro-</i>"
},
"expansion": "Old Polish: prze- (partially from *pro-)\nPolish: prze-\nSilesian: prze-",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Old Polish: prze- (partially from *pro-)\nPolish: prze-\nSilesian: prze-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "pre-"
},
"expansion": "Slovak: pre-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovak: pre-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Sorbian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dsb",
"2": "pśe-"
},
"expansion": "Lower Sorbian: pśe-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Lower Sorbian: pśe-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hsb",
"2": "pře-"
},
"expansion": "Upper Sorbian: pře-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Upper Sorbian: pře-"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Pomeranian:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "csb",
"2": "prze-"
},
"expansion": "Kashubian: prze-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Kashubian: prze-"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-slv",
"2": "przê-"
},
"expansion": "Slovincian: przê-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Slovincian: przê-"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Non-Slavic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "prea-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Romanian: prea-",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Romanian: prea-"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "ine-pro>*per->before",
"id": "over-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*per"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *per",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*per-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *per-",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *per, from Proto-Indo-European *per-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sla-pro",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "*per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Slavic",
"lang_code": "sla-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/per-",
"pos": "prefix",
"related": [
{
"word": "per"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"over-"
],
"links": [
[
"over-",
"over-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"re-"
],
"links": [
[
"re-",
"re-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "per-",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "prefix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish prefixes"
],
"glosses": [
"per-"
],
"links": [
[
"per-",
"per-#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "per-"
}
Download raw JSONL data for per- meaning in All languages combined (62.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: non-active/imperative/basic per-",
"path": [
"per-"
],
"section": "Indonesian",
"subsection": "prefix",
"title": "per-",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-04-20 using wiktextract (89e900c and ea19a0a). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.